打死都不想得的十种恐怖疾病

Disease is common, affecting every person at some point in their life. However, there are those unlucky few who contract some the rarer disease—those that seem to do the most damage and are often the hardest to treat, let alone cure. Here are 10 diseases and disorders you really want to avoid.

疾病非常普遍,每个人在生命的不同时刻都会受其影响。然而,总有少数不幸的人们会接触一些极为罕见的疾病——这些疾病往往危害甚重、极难治疗、更别谈治愈。这里将介绍10种我们确实想避免的疾病或机能紊乱。
10.Trigeminal Neuralgia

10.三叉神经痛
This particular disorder affects the fifth cranial nerve, one of the most widely spread in a person's face. Known to hospitals as the "suicide disease," there are two types. Type 1 is the acute, involving unbelievable pain shooting through the sufferer's face that lasts for as long as two minutes. These attacks can be joined together over a period of two hours of agony.Type 2 is less painful than Type 1, but still one of the hardest hits the human body can take. It is constant, rather than sporadic, with a painful burning or electric shock feeling lasting for years. Regular pain medication like morphine has no effect and anti-convulsion drugs often lose their effectiveness. Various surgical procedures have shown mild success, but are rarely anything more than temporary fixes.

这种官能紊乱主要发生在第五对脑神经,第五对脑神经是在人体面部分布最广的一种脑神经。医院中著名的"自杀性疾病"有两种。一种是急性的,其导致患者整个面部都贯穿一种难以言喻的疼痛,并持续2分钟之久。并且这种突然袭来的疼痛会伴随超过两个小时的极大痛苦。另一种相较第一种疼痛略弱,但依然是人体最难承受的一种。这种疼痛并非间歇性发作,而是持续不断,伴有多年的痛苦灼烧感或电击样感受。像吗啡等常规治疗疼痛的药物对此都没有效果,而抗痉挛药物在它面前也疗效尽失。虽然有各种手术方法小有成效,但除了暂时修复之外也没什么好方法根除这种病症。
9.Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

9.马尔堡出血热
First diagnosed in 1967 after an outbreak in a number of labs throughout Germany and Yugoslavia, Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a disease nearly identical to that caused by the Ebola virus. Monkeys who had been imported from Africa were infected and spread the disease while they were being used for polio research. So far, it is extremely rare, with less than 1,000 cases reported to date, and it's almost always found in Central Africa.The African fruit bat is believed to be the main source of infection, though how it spreads to humans isn't quite known at this point. The initial symptoms are extremely close to much more common diseases such as malaria, so proper diagnosis can be quite tricky. If the infection is severe enough, bleeding in the mouth and rectum and neurologic problems arise. Due to the lack of scientific knowledge about the Marburg fever, there is no established treatment, but plasma and blood protein transplants have shown good results. As of right now, the fatality rate is wide-ranging, ranging from 23–90 percent.

马尔堡出血热是在德国和南斯拉夫的几所实验室中暴发后发现的,这种疾病几乎与伊波拉病毒引起的出血热一模一样。由非洲运来的猴子在做脊髓灰质炎研究时感染并传播了这种病毒。迄今为止这种疾病极端罕见,数据报道不超过1000病例,且大多是在非洲中部发现的。非洲果蝇被认为是主要的感染源,但其通过什么途径传染给人类尚且未知。最初的症状和疟疾一般的常见疾病症状极其相似,因此需要足够的警觉来做出正确的诊断。感染严重到一定程度时,嘴和直肠会出血、神经方面的问题也会显露。由于对马尔堡出血热缺乏科学的认知,所以至今还没有成熟的治疗方案,但输血浆和血液蛋白的效果还是不错的。就现在来说,它的死亡率分布很广,从23%到90%不等。
8.Cancrum Oris

8.走马疳
More commonly known as noma, cancrum oris is a gangrenous infection which attacks the facial tissue of its victims, usually children under the age of 6. Especially prevalent in poverty-stricken areas of Africa, not only does the disease have an extremely high fatality rate (80 percent), but those who survive are left horribly disfigured and often ostracized. Affecting nearly 100,000 children every year, the antibodies in the sufferer's body get confused and turn on the soft tissue in the cheek, mouth, and nose.Due to the swift progress of the disease, those infected are quickly disabled, unable to speak or eat normally. The disease has only made brief appearances in Europe and North American since its eradication over 100 years ago, most notably in the Nazi concentration camps. Antibiotics can stop the spread at the first sight of a lesion but they are often unavailable or too expensive.

走马疳就是人们更为熟知的坏疽性口炎,其主要攻击病人的面部组织,呈坏疽性感染,而受害者通常是六岁以下儿童。尤其在非洲饥荒地区,这个疾病不仅有极高的死亡率(80%)且生还者还会留下一副恐怖的遭到损毁的面容,这使得他们常常被人排斥。每年感染将近100000个儿童,患者体内的抗体紊乱进而攻击面部、嘴巴、鼻子的软组织。由于疾病感染迅速,这些患者往往很快就会变得残疾,难以正常说话和进食。早在100年前在纳粹集中营便臭名昭著,但在其根除之后仅在欧洲和南美洲短暂出现过。有一些抗体可以在损伤刚出现时阻止其进一步传播,但客观上来说,这些抗体往往难以获得或者太过昂贵。
7.Adhesive Capsulitis

7.黏连性关节囊炎
Known by the catchier name of "frozen shoulder," this disorder causes the sufferer's shoulder to become so painful and stiff that it is virtually impossible to do anything with their arm. In addition, sleep can be difficult to come by, causing a myriad other health issues like depression and anxiety. As of now, there is no known cause for frozen shoulder, but diabetes and injuries or surgeries in the area are considered to be risk factors.Frozen shoulder affects an estimated 2 percent of the population at some point in their lives, making it one of the most common disorders on this list, and it is extremely hard to treat. Even with regular medication and constant physical rehabilitation, it can take up to a year to restore mobility. Although there have been cases where it went away on its own, it usually took up to two years to resolve itself.

这种疾病因其一个更为醒目的名字"冷冻肩"而为人所知,它能引起患者肩膀疼痛僵硬而几乎无法用胳膊做任何事情。并且它使患者难以入睡而引起众多其他健康问题,诸如消极、焦虑等。迄今为止仍未知冷冻肩的致病原因,但糖尿病、伤痛或者该部位的手术被认为是风险因素。冷冻肩可在约2%的人群中影响他们的生活,它是此列表中最普遍的一种疾病,极难治愈。即使给予常规治疗和长期的躯体康复,仍然需要花费一年时间来恢复机体的可动性。尽管一些病例中这种疾病可自然消退,但也通常需要两年时间由其自身消解。
6.Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

6.复合型局部疼痛综合征
Formally known as "reflex sympathetic dystrophy," CRPS is a lifelong systemic disease which manifests itself as extreme burning pain, bone and skin changes, and unbelievable sensitivity to touch. It's one of the most painful diseases in the world, ranked above childbirth and amputation on the McGill Pain Index, a method of evaluating pain developed in the early 1970s. Initially believed to be a systemic failure of the sympathetic nervous system, researchers now believe it is triggered by trauma, especially to the extremities. However, this is just a guess as of right now, which is one of the reasons there is no cure.Various treatments have achieved a modicum of success, including one brought to us by the wisdom of tech support—"Have you tried turning it off and on again?" In 2003, a 14-year-old girl underwent treatment which consisted of a medically-induced coma with the intent of "resetting" the pain connections in her body. This is generally considered a last-ditch effort, as it carries enormous risk and numerous potential side effects.

"CROS"的正式名称是"反射性交感神经营养障碍",它是一种终身的系统疾病,表现为灼烧样剧烈疼痛,骨骼皮肤的改变,还有对触摸呈现难以置信的敏感。它是世界上最疼痛的疾病之一,在麦吉尔疼痛指数(二十世纪七十年代早期开发用于评价疼痛的方法)排名中位居分娩和截肢之上。最终被认为是交感神经系统的系统衰竭,而现在研究者认为是由创伤尤其是肢体末端的创伤引发的。然而这只是现在一种猜测,而这种疾病目前无法治愈。各种治疗可实现一点点疗效,包括人们向我们集思过的一种技术支持——"你试过将其关闭再打开吗?"2003年,一名14岁女孩接受了治疗,通过药物诱导昏迷的方式企图重置其体内的疼痛连接通路。通常认为这是最后一招,因为它可能伴随巨大风险和潜在的副作用。



5.Aquagenic Urticaria

5.水源性荨麻疹
Aquagenic urticaria is better known as an allergy to water. Though not a true allergy, as no histamine is actually released by the body, the disorder still presents with painful rashes that break out wherever water touches the skin. Usually within an hour after contact with water, the sufferer will end up with small wheals, which are raised, reddened areas also known as papules. It's an extremely rare disorder, with only 100 reported cases worldwide.Some scientists believe there may be a genetic component to the disorder, as there has been no evidence of transmission from person to person. However, most cases take place in separate families, with only a few happening to relatives. While some cases can be quite gentle, most are extremely painful, with sufferers resorting to either extremely short baths or none at all in order to avoid the pain.
水源性荨麻疹因其对水过敏而著称。尽管并非真正过敏,身体没有真正释放组胺,但这种疾病仍可表现为接触水后暴发疼痛的疹子。通常在接触水一个小时之内,患者便起满小的风疹块,这些起疹块发红的区域也称之为丘疹。这种疾病非常少见,全世界只有100例报道。一些科学家认为可能有基因因素影响这种疾病,因为并没有证据表明它可在人际传播。然而,大多病例都分散在不同的家庭当中,只有少数病例发生在亲戚之间。虽然一些病例发病温和,但大多数都极端痛苦,患者诉诸于极端短浴来缓解痛苦,或者根本束手无策。
4.Brainerd Diarrhea

4.布雷纳德腹泻
As you can probably guess from the name, this disease is a severe, acute form of diarrhea first described after an outbreak in Brainerd, Minnesota. The exact reason for the contraction is unknown to scientists at this time, but it may be caused by the consumption of contaminated water or raw milk. Sufferers experience 10–20 episodes of explosive, watery diarrhea every day. Nearly all of the recorded outbreaks have taken place in the United States, though there have only been eight since it was first discovered.Brainerd diarrhea can last for months—even up to a year—with no respite for those afflicted because it's extremely resistant to any form of antimicrobial treatment. Drugs like Imodium have been reported to offer some relief, but only in very high doses. Because the exact source of the disease is unknown, there is no known preventative measure, other than to boil all well water and avoid unpasteurized milk.

你可以从名称中大致推断出这种疾病是一种严重的急性腹泻,在明尼苏达由布雷纳德首次进行了描述。这种痉挛的确切原因至今都不为科学家所知,但它可能是因为饮用了污染的水或者生牛奶而引起。患者每天都遭受10到20次爆炸性的水样腹泻。几乎所有的布雷纳德腹泻爆发都发生在美国,尽管从第一例发现起才仅仅8例而已。水泻般腹泻会持续数月甚至一年,使这些饱受折磨的人没有任何喘息机会,因为它对任何形式的抗菌治疗都具有抵抗性。如易蒙等药物据报道能稍有缓解,但也仅限于相当高剂量的情况下才可以。目前,人们还不知道这种疾病的确切病源,所以没有任何有效的预防措施,只能用煮沸水、避免喝未消毒的牛奶等方法来预防。
3.Sickle Cell Anemia

3.镰状细胞性贫血
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder in which the red blood cells form abnormally, taking the shape of a crescent or sickle. In addition, there aren't enough blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Those afflicted with SCA also lose the defective blood cells up to 12 times faster than those without the disorder.A mutation in one of the genes responsible for hemoglobin is the root cause of the disorder and it seems to be most prevalent among those whose ancestors lived in areas where malaria was common. The symptoms vary person to person, but fatigue and chronic pain is extremely common and never goes away. Thanks to modern medicine, it isn't the killer that it once was, with many people making it to their 60s and beyond. However, while blood and marrow stem cell transplants have shown some promise, there is still no cure.

镰状细胞性贫血是一种基因血液疾病,血红细胞性状异常呈新月形或镰刀状。而且机体没有足够的血细胞为全身供氧。饱受SCA折磨的病人会以常人12倍的速度丢失缺陷血细胞。血红素基因的一处变异是这种疾病的根本原因,而且它似乎在其先人所住的疟疾肆意地区更为盛行。其症状在每个人身上都表现不同,但疲倦和慢性疼痛非常普遍且永不消失。多亏现代医药,它并不像曾经那样像个杀手般肆虐猖狂,许多人可以活到60多岁。不过,全血和骨髓干细胞移植显示有很大希望,但依然不能完全治愈。
2.Adiposis Dolorosa

2.痛性肥胖病
For anyone familiar with Latin or the TV show Doctor Who, it will be obvious that this particular disease has to do with fat. Also known as "Dercum's disease" after the doctor who first described it, sufferers are plagued with tumors called lipomas all over their torso. Nearly all of those who get this disease are obese women between the ages of 35–50.With no known cure or cause, Dercum's disease is believed to perhaps have a genetic component to it, as it does seem to run in some families. Other scientists theorize that it is an autoimmune disorder, as healthy tissue is attacked by the body. Tthe only treatments available for this extremely painful condition focus on one symptom at a time, utilizing pain medications and weight loss strategies. Liposuction has shown some mild success at treating the disease.

熟悉拉丁或电视节目神秘博士的人,很显然了解这种疾病与肥胖有关。在医生首次描述之后也称之为"德尔肯氏病",患者周身都会遭受这种名为脂肪瘤的肿瘤折磨。几乎所有患此疾病的人都是35-50岁的肥胖女性。治疗未知、病因未知,所以德尔肯氏病被认为很可能有基因因素,因为其确实看起来只发生在家族中。其他科学家建立了一种学说,推论它是一种自身免疫的紊乱,即机体攻击自身健康组织。对这种相当痛苦的状况,唯一可行的治疗手段主要集中于一次解决一种症状,利用疼痛治疗和减重手段。在治疗这种疾病时,吸脂手术略显成功。
1.Ondine's Curse

1.代恩的诅咒
For those of you unfamiliar with French or German folk tales and mythology, Ondine was a nymph who took a mortal as her lover, who swore that each one of his breaths would be a testament of his love for her. After he committed adultery, Ondine—or her father, in some versions—cursed the cheater to stop breathing the next time he fell asleep. Otherwise known as "congenital central hypoventilation syndrome," sufferers lack the function of the autonomic nervous system which regulates breathing. This means that they have to consciously remember to breathe.When they sleep, most are hooked up to ventilators. If they are able to survive into adulthood, the sleep masks used to treat sleep apnea tend to work well enough to enable them to live relatively normal lives. Genetics are believed to play a major role as the cause of the disease, though it has appeared in adults after major surgery or trauma.

对不熟悉法国或德国的民间故事或神话的观众来说,仙女代恩将一个凡人作为她的爱人,她发誓他的每个呼吸都是爱她的证明。然而仙女的爱人通奸后,代恩——有些版本是她的父亲——诅咒这个该死的骗子在下次入睡时停止呼吸。这又称为"先天性中枢性低通气综合征",主要是患者缺乏调节呼吸的自主神经系统功能。一旦入睡,大多数患者必须连接呼吸机。如果他们能够存活到成年,使用治疗睡眠呼吸暂停的睡眠面罩往往足以使他们过上正常生活。尽管这种疾病在重大手术或哮喘后也发生于成年人,但遗传学被认为在疾病成因中发挥重要作用。

来源:可可英语

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